In The Name of Allah
Bluetooth Technology
By
Bushra
King AbdulAziz University
Was in
May 23, 2008
Bluetooth 2
Abstraction
T his paper contends that Bluetooth Technology is the best solution to connect and send without cables. This technology new to the computer world compared to most every other kind of networking. It involves radio waves transferring information amongst different devices. Bluetooth is the latest in technology social conversation. Bluetooth maybe technology but it provides a way to communicate between other devices such as PDA's, cell phones, laptops, PCs, printers and digital cameras through a short range radio frequency .
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Introduction
Bluetooth is a method for data communication that uses short-range radio links to replace cables between computers and their connected units. According to Lawrence Harte , Industry-wide Bluetooth promises very substantial benefits for wireless network operators, end workers, and content developers of exciting new applications [1]. Imagine not having a wire on your mouse, keyboard , or headset. Now imagine not having being able to send data from device to device without the need to have them tethered to one another . The possibilities of such a thing are endless and quite interesting. In an attempt to eliminate wire clutter in homes and offices, the Swedish company Ericcson initiated the Bluetooth Technology movement in 1994 . In February 1998, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was founded by five major companies determined to further develop Bluetooth technology and promote its widespread commercial acceptance . The founding companies were IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba and Ericsson. Within six months SIG went global and invited other companies to join.” In return for free access to Bluetooth, these companies pledged to support the specification of the new technology”(1).As previous study conducted Bluetooth technology is cable replacement and solve the problem of having many weirs. It is great to move from place to another and connect with other people devices without the need of many wires.
Bluetooth 3
History of Bluetooth
Bluetooth was created in May of 1998 by a group of companies calling themselves the Bluetooth Special Interest Group , or SIG. The SIG consisted of people from Ericsson,Nokia , Intel , IBM , and Toshiba , and since the creation of this group , “many many more have come to join the SIG in the following years – more than 1,800 more.Such big companies as 3com , Motorola , and M icrosoft are among attendees”(2) .
Bluetooth Special Interest Group
Initially the technology later known as Bluetooth was an Ericsson-internal project named multi-communicator link or short MC link.” Cooperation with Intel was initiated in 1997” (3).
In 1998, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, and Nokia, formed a consortium and adopted the code name Bluetooth for their proposed open specification. In December 1999, 3Com, Lucent Technologies, Microsoft, and Motorola joined the initial founders as the promoter of Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). Since that time, Lucent Technologies transferred their membership to their spinoff Agere Systems, and 3Com has left the promoter group. Agere Systems was later merged with LSI Corporation and left the Bluetooth promoters group in August 2007.
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) is a privately held, not-for-profit trade association with headquarters in Bellevue, Washington. As of January 2008, the SIG is composed of over 10,000 member companies that are leaders in the telecommunications, computing, automotive, music, apparel, industrial automation, and network industries, and a small group of dedicated staff in Hong Kong, Sweden, and the USA. SIG members drive the development of Bluetooth wireless technology, and implement and market the technology in their products varying from mobile phones to printers. The Bluetooth SIG itself does not make, manufacture, or sell Bluetooth enabled products. “The executive director of the Bluetooth SIG is Michael Foley”(3).
Bluetooth 4Origin of the name and the logo
The developers of this wireless technology first used the name Bluetooth as a code name, but as time past, the name stuck. “The word Bluetooth is taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Bluetooth “(4)It is said that the Danish king was given the nickname Bluetooth because he was so fond of blueberries that his teeth were stained blue . King Bluetooth had been influential in uniting Scandinavian Europe during an era when the region was torn apart by wars and feuding clans. The founders of the Bluetooth SIG felt the name was fitting because: 1) Bluetooth technology was first developed in Scandinavia, and 2) Bluetooth technology is able to unite differing industries such as the cell phone, computing, and automotive markets. Bluetooth wireless technology simplifies and combines multiple forms of wireless communication into a single, secure, low-power, low-cost, globally available radio frequency.
Keeping to the same origin as the Bluetooth name, the logo unites the Runic alphabetic characters "H", which looks similar to an asterisk, and a "B", which are the initials for Harald Bluetooth. If you look close enough you can see both embodied in the logo.
Uses of Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Bluetooth enables these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range. “The devices use a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, as long as the received transmission is powerful enough” (5).
Bluetooth 5Bluetooth profiles
In order to use Bluetooth, a device must be compatible with certain Bluetooth profiles. These define the possible applications and uses of the technology.
List of applications
More prevalent applications of Bluetooth include:
1-Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a hands-free headset. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
2-Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.
3-“Wireless communications with PC input and output devices, the most common being the mouse, keyboard and printer” (9).
4-Transfer of files between devices with OBEX.
5-Transfer of contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices with OBEX.
6-Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.
Bluetooth 67-For controls where infrared was traditionally used.
8-Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth enabled advertising hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices.
9-"Two seventh-generation game consoles, Nintendo's Wii and Sony's PlayStation 3 use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers" (6).
10-Dial-up internet access on personal computer or PDA using a data-capable mobile phone as a modem.
Bluetooth Devices
Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, printers, modems and headsets. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e. with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers .
Bluetooth simplifies the discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth devices advertise all of the services they provide. “This makes using services easier because there is no longer a need to set up network addresses or permissions as in many other networks” (7).
Computer requirement
A personal computer must have a Bluetooth adapter in order to be able to communicate with other Bluetooth devices (such as mobile phones, mice and keyboards). While some desktop computers and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth adapter, others will require an external one in the form of a dongle.
Bluetooth 7Unlike its predecessor, IrDA, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth allows multiple devices to communicate with a computer over a single adapter.
Operating system support
Apple has supported Bluetooth since Mac OS X v10.2 released in 2002 . For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later releases have native support for Bluetooth. “Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft” (8) . Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2. Linux provides two Bluetooth stacks, with the BlueZ stack included with most Linux kernels. It was originally developed by Qualcomm and Affix. “BlueZ supports all core Bluetooth protocols and layers” (8) . FreeBSD features Bluetooth support since its 5.0 release. NetBSD features Bluetooth support since its 4.0 release.
Specifications and features
The Bluetooth specification was developed in 1994 by Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson, who were working for Ericsson Mobile Platforms in Lund, Sweden.” The specification is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology” (9)..
The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), organised by Mohd Syarifuddin. The SIG was formally announced on May 20, 1998. Today it has a membership of over 7000 compaies worldwide. It was established by Ericsson, Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, and Nokia, and later joined by many other companies.
Bluetooth 8
Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B
Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making their products interoperable. According to Michael Miller, versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware device address transmission in the Connecting process ‘rendering anonymity impossible at the protocol level’, which was a major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth environments (4) .
Bluetooth 2.1
Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 is fully backward-compatible with 1.1, and was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on July 26, 2007 This specification includes the following features:
Extended inquiry response: provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection. “This information includes the name of the device, a list of services the device supports, as well as other information like the time of day, and pairing information” (4).
Sniff subrating: reduces the power consumption when devices are in the sniff low-power mode, especially on links with asymmetric data flows. Human interface devices (HID) are expected to benefit the most, with mouse and keyboard devices increasing the battery life by a factor of 3 to 10. It lets devices decide how long they will wait before sending keepalive messages to one another. “Previous Bluetooth implementations featured keep alive message frequencies of up to several times per second ”(11). In contrast, the 2.1 specification allows pairs of devices to negotiate this value between them to as infrequently as once every 5 or 10 seconds.
Encryption Pause Resume: enables an encryption key to be refreshed, enabling much stronger encryption for connections that stay up for longer than 23.3 hours .
Bluetooth 9
Future of Bluetooth
Broadcast Channel: enables Bluetooth information points. An article in TechWorld site reports that this will drive the adoption of Bluetooth into mobile phones, and enable advertising models based around users pulling information from the information points, and not based around the object push model that is used in a limited way today(10).
Topology Management: enables the automatic configuration of the piconet topologies especially in scatternet situations that are becoming more common today. This should all be invisible to the users of the technology, while also making the technology just work.
Ultra Low Power Bluetooth On June 12, 2007, Nokia and Bluetooth SIG announced that will be a part of the Bluetooth specification as an ultra low power Bluetooth technology. “Expected use cases include watches displaying Caller ID information, sports sensors monitoring your heart rate during exercise, as well as medical devices “(10).The Medical Devices Working Group is also creating a medical devices profile and associated protocols to enable this market.
Communication and connection
A master Bluetooth device can communicate with up to seven devices. This network group of up to eight devices is called a piconet .
“A piconet is an ad-hoc computer network, using Bluetooth technology protocols to allow one master device to interconnect with up to seven active devices “(6). Up to 255 further devices can be inactive, or parked, which the master device can bring into active status at any time.
At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device, however, the devices can switch roles and the slave can become the master at any time.” The master switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. ‘Simultaneous transmission from the master to multiple other devices is possible, but not used much’” (8).
Bluetooth 10Bluetooth specification allows connecting two or more piconets together to form a scatternet, with some devices acting as a bridge by simultaneously playing the master role and the slave role in one piconet. These devices are planned for 2007.
Setting up connections Any Bluetooth device will transmit the following information on demand:
1- Device name.
2- Device class.
3- List of services.
4- Technical information, for example, device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset.
Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to connect to, and any device can be configured to respond to such inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows the address of the device, it always responds to direct connection requests and transmits the information shown in the list above if requested. Use of device services may require pairing or acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can be initiated by any device and held until it goes out of range. Some devices can be connected to only one device at a time, and connecting to them prevents them from connecting to other devices and appearing in inquiries until they disconnect from the other device.
Every device has a unique 48-bit address. However these addresses are generally not shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user. “This name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices”(9).
The protocol operates in the license-free ISM band at 2.4-24835 GHz . To avoid interfering with other protocols that use the 2.45 GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol divides the band into 79 channels (each 1 MHz wide) and changes channels up to 1600 times per second. Implementations with versions 1.1 and 1.2 reach speeds of 723.1 kbit/sVersion 2.0 implementations feature Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) and reach 2.1 Mbit/s. “Technically, version 2.0 devices have a higher power consumption, but the three times faster rate reduces the transmission times, effectively reducing power consumption to half that of 1.x devices”(4).
Security in Bluetooth
Bluetooth implements confidentiality, authentication and key derivation with custom algorithms based on SAFER+block cipher. In Bluetooth, key generation is generally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be entered into both devices. This procedure might be modified if one of the devices has a fixed PIN, e.g. for headsets or similar devices with a restricted user interface. “During pairing, an initialization key or master key is generated, using the E22 algorithm”(11). The E0 stream cipher is used for encrypting packets, granting confidentiality and is based on a shared cryptographic secret, namely a previously generated link key or master key. “Those keys, used for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered into one or both devices” (11).
Bluejacking allow users to send bisness cards anonymously using Bluetooth wireless technology . Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device. These business cards often have a clever or flirtatious message rather than the typical name and phone number. Bluejackers often look for the receiving phone to ping or the user to react. They then send another, more personal message to that device. Once again, in order to carry out a bluejacking, the sending and receiving devices must be within range of each other, which is typically 10 meters for most mobile devices. “Devices that are set in non-discoverable mode are not susceptible to bluejacking”(4). However, the Linux application Redfang claims to find non-discoverable Bluetooth devices.
Bluetooth 12 History of security concerns
Bluetooth Technology have had a lot of problem in the earliest era of its discovery .However , the Bluetooth technology developed through years , and here we will discuss the development in security system in this years .
.2003
In November 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A.L. Digital Ltd. discovered that serious flaws in Bluetooth security may lead to disclosure of personal data.” It should be noted, however, that the reported security” problems concerned some poor implementations of Bluetooth, rather than the protocol itself”(4).
In a subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite.group was able to do a field-trial at the CeBIT fairgrounds, showing the importance of the problem to the world. “A new attack called BlueBug was used for this experiment” (11). This is one of a number of concerns that have been raised over the security of Bluetooth communications.
.2006
In April 2006 ,researchers from Secure Network and F-Secure reported that warns of large number of devices left in a visible state, and issued a statistic on the spread of various Bluetooth services and the ease of spread of an “eventual Bluetooth” warns(11) .
In October 2006, at the Luxemburgish Hack.lu Security Conference, Kevin Finistere and Thierry Zoller demonstrated and released a remote root shell via Bluetooth on Mac OS X v10.3.9 and v10.4. They also demonstrated the first Bluetooth PIN and Linkkeys cracker, which is based on the research of Wool and Shaked.
Health concerns Bluetooth uses the microwave radio frequency in the 2.4 GHz range. Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is 100 mW, 2.5 mW, and 1 mW for Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 devices respectively, which puts Class 1 at roughly the same level as mobile phones, and the other two classes much lower. “Accordingly, Class 2 and Class 3 Bluetooth devices are considered less of a potential hazard than mobile phones, and Class 1 may be comparable to that of mobile phones”(6).
conclusion As the presented studies and researches conducted the Bluetooth is a method for data communication that uses short-range radio links to replace cables between computers and their connected units . This technology is cable replacement and solve the problem of having many weirs. I think it is great to move from place to another and connect with other people devices without the need of many wires. . This technology is low cost, global radio system for integration into mobile devices .” It also aims to simplify data synchronization between Internet devices and other computers”(1). Its name taken from the tenth century. The logo is an abbreviation for the king Harad Bluetooth. It provides a high security connection and still improved until today .Bluetooth exist in many versions for example 1.0 and 1.0B ,1.2 and the last unrevealed version is 1.4 . So many things have been upgraded with Bluetooth technology . Some Bluetooth classes have the same effect of mobile phones.Bluetoth as many different devices can be misused and considered a bad device when it is used for destroying purposes and can be good device when it is used for construction purposes. Bluetooth is an example of fascinating technology that still amaze us.
CITED REFRENCES
1. Lawrece H. 2004. Introduction to Bluetooth Technology.San Francisco:Althos.64p.
2. Foley M. 2006. History of Bluetooth Technology [Internet][updated 2007Apr22;cited 2008 May 9]Avaliable from:http://www.Bluetooth.com/History-of-Bluetooth-Technology.htm
3. [Anonymous].2007.Bluetooth SIG. SIGnature Magazine.[Internet].[cited 2008 May 2]:33-4.Avaliable from:http://www.Bluetooth SIG .com/articles/Bluetooth /2946.htm
4. Miller M.2001.Discovering Bluetooth.Chicago:Sybex Incorporated.304p.
5. [Anonymous].2006.Bluetooth Uses.[Internet][updated 2007Feb24;cited2008May12]Avaliable from:http://www.Blue Tomorrow.com/content/section/45/14
6. Ben W. 2002. Bluetooth in Wireless Communication. Communications Magazine(IEEE).Jun;40(6):90-6.
7. Bakker D, Gilster R. 2002 .In: Bluetooth End to End [Internet]New York: Hungry Minds[updated 2007 Dec 23;cited 2008 May10].p.76- 9.Available from:http://www.Amazon Online Reader/Bluetooth End to End.htm
8. Sturman C,Bary J. 2001.Bluetooth Connect without Cables. Second Edition;New York:Prentic Hall PTR .622p.
Bluetooth 15
9. Bray J,Senese B.2001.Bluetooth Application .New York;Syngress Publishing.556p.
10. Dubash M .2006.TecHWorld . Bluetooth Greet Future [Internet].[updated2007Aug 23;cited 2008 May 1]. Avaliable from: http://www.techworld.com/Bluetooth/future.htm
11. Juha T.2005.Bluetooth Security .[Internet].Helsinki University of technology ;[updated 2007Sep28;cited 2008May 3] . Avaliable from: http://Bluetooth Security.hut.edu/security/Bluetooth.html
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